BackDigital and analogue quantities, binary digits, logic levels, digital waveforms, basic logic operations and functions; decimal, binary and hexadecimal numbers and their conversions, binary arithmetic, 1’s and 2’s complements of binary numbers, signed numbers and their arithmetic operations, binary coded decimal; logic gates (inverter, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR), Boolean operations and expressions, laws and rules of Boolean algebra, DeMorgan’s theorems, simplification using Boolean algebra, standard forms of Boolean expressions and truth tables, Karnaugh map, Karnaugh map SOP and POS minimization; special combinational logic circuits, the universal property of NAND and NOR gates, implementing combinational logic using NAND and NOR gates and operation with pulse waveforms, basic adders, parallel binary adders; latches, edge-triggered flip-flops, flip-flop operating characteristics and applications; asynchronous and synchronous counter operation, design of synchronous counters; basic shift register functions, shift register counters and applications;